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The following bibliography was created as recommended reading on the treatment of gender and sexual-based crimes in international humanitarian and international criminal law. Links to the original articles are provided where available.

 

 

 

 

 

 

ARTICLES:

  1. Xabier Agirre Aranburu, Sexual Violence Beyond Reasonable Doubt: Using Pattern Evidence and Analysis for International Cases, 23 Leiden Journal of International Law 609 (2010).
  2. Kelly Dawn Askin, Gender Crimes Jurisprudence in the ICTR: Positive Developments, 3 J. Int'l Crim. Just. 1007 (2005).
  3. Kelly D. Askin, Prosecuting Wartime Rape and Other Gender-Related Crimes Under International Law: Extraordinary Advances, Enduring Obstacles, 21 Berkeley J. Int'l L. 288 (2003).
  4. Kelly D. Askin, Crimes Within the Jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court, 10 Crim. L. F. 33, 41 (1999).
  5. Kelly D. Askin, The Quest for Post-Conflict Gender Justice, 41 Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 509 (2003).
  6. Kelly D. Askin, A Decade of the Development of Gender Crimes in International Courts and Tribunals: 1993 to 2003, 11 Human Rights Brief 16 (2004).
  7. Sita Balthazar, Gender Crimes and the International Criminal Tribunals, 10 Gonz. J. Int'l L. 43 (2006).
  8. Barbara Bedont & Katherine Hall-Martinez, Ending Impunity for Gender Crimes Under the International Criminal Court, 6 Brown J. World Aff. 65 (1999).
  9. Kristin Campbell, The Gender of Transitional Justice: Law, Sexual Violence and the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 1 International Journal of Transitional Justice 411 (2007).
  10. Rhonda Copelon, Surfacing Gender: Re-Engraving Crimes Against Women in Humanitarian Law, 5 Hastings Women’s L.J. 243 (1994). 
  11. Rhonda Copelon, Women and War Crimes, 69 St. John’s L. Rev. 61 (1995).
  12. Rhonda Copelon, Gender Crimes as War Crimes: Integrating Crimes against Women into International Criminal Law, 46 McGill Law Journal 217 (2000).
  13. Carla Del Ponte, Investigation and Prosecution of Large-Scale Crimes at the International Level, 4 J. Int'l Crim. Just. 539 (2006).
  14. Teresa Doherty, Developments in the Prosecution of Gender-Based Crimes—The Special Court for Sierra Leone Experience, 17 Am. U.J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 327 (2008).
  15. Nicola Eva Erb, Gender-Based Crimes Under the Draft Statute for the Permanent International Criminal Court, 29 Columbia Human Rights Law Review 401 (1998).
  16. Karen Engle, Feminism and its (Dis)Contents: Criminalizing Wartime Rape in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 99 Am. J. Int'l L. 778 (2005).
  17. Katherine M. Franke, Gendered Subjects of Transitional Justice, 15 Colum. J. Gender & L. 813 (2006).
  18. Micaela Frulli, Advancing International Criminal Law: The Special Court for Sierra Leone Recognizes Forced Marriage as a "New" Crime Against Humanity, 6 Journal of International Criminal Justice 1033 (2008).
  19. Judith Gardam, The Neglected Aspect of Women and Armed Conflict: Progressive Development of the Law, 53 Neth. Int'l L. Rev. 197 (2005).
  20. Richard Goldstone, Prosecuting Rape as a War Crime, 34 Case W. Res. J. Int’l L. 277 (2002).
  21. Jennifer Green, Rhonda Copelon, & Patrick Cotter, Affecting the Rules for the Prosecution of Rape and Other Gender Based Violence Before the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia: A Feminist Proposal and Critique, 5 Hastings Women's Law Journal 171 (1994).
  22. Rebecca L. Haffajee, Prosecuting Crimes of Rape and Sexual Violence at the ICTR: The Application of Joint Criminal Enterprise Theory, 29 Harvard Journal of Law and Gender 201 (2006).
  23. Janet Halley, Rape at Rome: Feminist Inventions in the Criminalization of Sex-Related Violence in Positive International Criminal Law, 30 Michigan Journal of International Law 1 (2009).
  24. Janet Halley, Rape in Berlin: Reconsidering the Criminalisation of Rape in the International Law of Armed Conflict, 9 Melbourne Journal of International Law 78 (2008).
  25. Nicola Henry, Witness to Rape: The Limits and Potential of International War Crimes Trials for Victims of Wartime Sexual Violence, 3 International Journal of Transitional Justice 114 (2009).
  26. Neha Jain, Forced Marriage as a Crime Against Humanity, 6 Journal of International Criminal Justice 1013 (2008).
  27. Joshua H. Joseph, Gender and International Criminal Law: How the International Criminal Court Can Bring Justice to Victims of Sexual Violence, 18 Texas Journal of Women and Law 61 (2008).
  28. Tina R. Karkera, The International Criminal Court's Protection of Women: The Hands of Justice at Work, 12 American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy, and the Law 197 (2004).
  29. Adrienne Kalosieh, Note, Consent to Genocide? The ICTY's Improper Use of the Consent Paradigm to Prosecute Genocidal Rape in Foca, 24 Women's Rts. L. Rep. 121 (2003).
  30. Michelle S. Kelsall & Shanee Stepakoff, “When We Wanted to Talk About Rape”: Silencing Sexual Violence at the Special Court for Sierra Leone, 1 Int'l J. of Transitional Just. 355 (2007).
  31. Dorean M. Koenig & Kelly D. Askin, International Criminal Law and the International Criminal Court Statute: Crimes Against Women, in 2 Women and International Human Rights Law 3, 9 (Kelly D. Askin & Dorean M. Koenig eds., 2000).
  32. Peggy Kuo, Prosecuting Crimes of Sexual Violence, 34 Case W. Res. J. Int'l L. 305 (2002).
  33. Diane Luping, Investigation and Prosecution of Sexual and Gender-Based Crimes Before the International Criminal Court, 17 Am. U.J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 431 (2008).
  34. Theodor Meron, Rape as a Crime Under International Humanitarian Law, 87 American Journal of International Law 423 (1993).
  35. Theodor Meron, Reflections on the Prosecution of War Crimes by International Tribunals, 100 American Journal of International Law 551 (2006).
  36. Brook Sari Moshan, Women, War, and Words: The Gender Component in the Permanent International Criminal Court's Definition of Crimes Against Humanity, 22 Fordham International Law Journal 154 (1998).
  37. Catherine N. Niarchos, Women, War, and Rape: Challenges Facing the International Tribunal for Former Yugoslavia, 17 Hum. Rts. Q. 649 (1995).
  38. Alex Obote-Odora, Rape and Sexual Violence in International Law: ICTR Contribution, 12 New Eng. J. Int'l & Comp. L. 135 (2005).
  39. Valerie Oosterveld, The Special Court for Sierra Leone, Child Soldiers and Forced Marriage: Providing Clarity or Confusion?, 45 Can. Y.B. Int'l L. 131–172 (2009).
  40. Valerie Oosterveld, The Special Court for Sierra Leone's Consideration of Gender-Based Violence: Contributing to Transitional Justice?, 10 Hum. Rts. Rev. 73–98 (2009).
  41. Valerie Oosterveld, Lessons from the Special Court for Sierra Leone on the Prosecution of Gender-Based Crimes, 17 Am. U.J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 407 (2008).
  42. Valerie Oosterveld, Gender-Sensitive Justice and the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda: Lessons Learned for the International Criminal Court, 12 New Eng. Int’l & Comp. L. Ann. 119 (2005).
  43. Valerie Oosterveld, Sexual Slavery and the International Criminal Court: Advancing International Law, 25 Mich. J. Int'l L. 605 (2004).
  44. Valerie Oosterveld, The Definition of "Gender" in the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: A Step Forward or Back for International Criminal Justice?, 18 Harvard Human Rights Journal 55 (2005).
  45. Valerie Oosterveld, Gender, Prosecution, and the International Criminal Court: Refugee Law's Relevance to the Crime Against Humanity of Gender-Based Persecution, 17 Duke Journal of Comparative and International Law 49 (2006).
  46. Amy Palmer, An Evolutionary Analysis of Gender-Based War Crimes and the Continued Tolerance of "Forced Marriage", 7 Northwestern Journal of International Law and Human Rights 133 (2009).
  47. Susan M. Pritchett, Entrenched Hegemony, Efficient Procedure, or Selective Justice?: An Inquiry into Charges for Gender-Based Violence at the International Criminal Court, 17 Transnat'l L. & Contemp. Probs. 265 (2008).
  48. Stephanie N. Sackellares, From Bosnia to Sudan: Sexual Violence in Modern Armed Conflict, 20 Wis. Women's L.J. 137 (2005).
  49. Susana Sácouto, Advances and Missed Opportunities in the International Prosecution of Gender-Based Crimes, 15 Michigan State Journal of International Law (2007).
  50. Susana Sácouto & Katherine Cleary, The Importance of Effective Investigation of Sexual Violence and Gender-Based Crimes at the International Criminal Court, 17 Am. U.J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 337 (2008).
  51. Beth Van Schaack, The Crime of Aggression and Humanitarian Intervention on Behalf of Women, 3 International Criminal Law Review __ (2011).
  52. Beth Van Schaak, Obstacles on the Road to Gender Justice: The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda as Object Lesson, 17 Am. U.J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 361 (2008).
  53. Beth Van Schaack, Command Responsibility: The Anatomy of Proof in Romagoza v. Garcia, 36 U.C. Davis L. Rev. 1213 (2003).
  54. Wolfgang Schomburg and Ines Peterson, Genuine Consent to Sexual Violence under International Criminal Law, 101 American Journal of International Law 121 (2007).
  55. Mary D. Schneider, About Women, War and Darfur: The Continuing Quest for Gender Violence Justice, 83 N.D. L. Rev. 915 (2007). 
  56. Patricia V. Sellers, Gender Strategy is Not a Luxury for International Courts, 17 Am. U.J. Gender Soc. Pol’y & L. 301 (2008).
  57. Patricia V. Sellers & Kaoru Okuizumi, International Prosecution of Sexual Assaults, 7 Transnat’l L. & Contemp. Probs. 45 (1997). 
  58. Patricia V. Sellers, The Cultural Value of Sexual Violence, 93 American Society of International Law, Proceedings 312 (1999).
  59. Patricia V. Sellers, Gender Strategy is not a Luxury for International Courts, 17 American University Journal of Gender, Social Policy, and the Law 301 (2009).
  60. Pam Spees, Mainstreaming Gender in the Pursuit of International Justice and Accountability, Afr. Legal Aid Q., Jan.–Mar. 2003, at 21, 23.
  61. Shana Swiss & Joan E. Giller, Rape as a Crime of War: A Medical Perspective, 270 JAMA 612 (1993).
  62. B. Don Taylor, Witness Proofing in International Criminal Law: Is Widening Procedural Divergence in International Criminal Tribunals a Cause for Concern? (2008), http://www.isrcl.org/Papers/2008/Taylor.pdf.
  63. Tamara L. Tompkins, Prosecuting Rape as a War Crime: Speaking the Unspeakable, 70 Notre Dame L. Rev. 845 (1995).
  64. Stephanie K. Wood, A Woman Scorned for the “Least Condemned” War Crime: Precedent and Problems with Prosecuting Rape as a Serious Crime in the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda, 13 Colum. J. Gender & L. 274 (2004).

BOOKS:

  1. Kelly D. Askin, War Crimes Against Women: Prosecution in International War Crimes Tribunals (1997).
  2. Kelly D. Askin, "The Jurisprudence of International War Crimes Tribunals: Securing Gender Justice for Some Survivors" in Listening to the Silences: Women and War (Helen Durham & Tracey Gurd, eds. 2005).
  3. M. Cherif Bassiouni, Crimes Against Humanity in International Criminal Law 349 (1999).
  4. Fatou Bensouda, Gender and Sexual Violence Under the Rome Statute, in From Human Rights to International Criminal Law: Studies in Honour of an African Jurist, the Late Judge Laity Kama (Emmanuel Decaux et al. eds., 2007).
  5. Machteld Boot, Crimes Against Humanity, Article 7(1)(g): Rape ... or Any Other Form of Sexual Violence of Comparable Gravity, in Commentary on the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court: Observers' Notes, Article by Article 159, 207 (Otto Triffterer ed., Christopher Hall rev., 2d ed. 2008).
  6. Cherie Booth, Prospects and Issues for the International Criminal Court: Lessons From Yugoslavia and Rwanda, in From Nuremberg to The Hague: The Future of International Criminal Justice 157 (Philippe Sands ed., 2003).
  7. Anne-Marie de Brouwer, Supranational Criminal Prosecution of Sexual Violence: the ICC and the Practice of the ICTY and the ICTR (2005).
  8. Susan Brownmiller, Against Our Will: Men, Women and Rape (1975).
  9. Agnes Callamard, Introduction to Amnesty Int'l Publications & the Int'l Ctr. for Human Rights & Democratic Dev., Investigating Women's Rights Violations in Armed Conflicts (2001).
  10. Christine M. Chinkin, "Gender-related Violence and International Criminal Law and Justice" in The Oxford Companion to International Criminal Justice 75 (Antonio Cassese, ed. 2009).
  11. Christine Chinkin, Gender-Related Crimes: A Feminist Perspective, in From Sovereign Impunity to International Accountability: The Search for Justice in a World of States (Ramesh Thakur & Peter Malcontent eds., 2004).
  12. Jane Connors, Violence Against Women, in Sourcebook on Feminist Jurisprudence 558 (Hilaire Barnett ed., 1997).
  13. Ashley Dallman, Prosecuting Conflict-Related Sexual Violence at the International Criminal Court, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (2009).
  14. Judith Gardam and Michelle Jarvis, Women, Armed Conflict and International Law 253 (2001).
  15. Christopher K. Hall, Suggestions Concerning International Criminal Court Prosecutorial Policy and Strategy and External Relations (2003).
  16. Michelle Jarvis, An Emerging Gender Perspective on International Crimes, in International Criminal Law Developments in the Case Law of the ICTY 157 (Gideon Boas & William A. Schabas eds., 2003).
  17. Eve La Haye, Article 8(2)(b)(xxii) - Rape, Sexual Slavery, Enforced Prostitution, Forced Pregnancy, Enforced Sterilisation, and Sexual Violence, in The International Criminal Court: Elements of Crimes and Rules of Procedure and Evidence 184 (Roy S. Lee ed., 2001).
  18. Gaelle Breton Le-Goff, Coalition for Women's Human Rights in Conflict Situations, Analysis of Trends in Sexual Violence Prosecutions in Indictments by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR) from November 1995 to November 2002 (2002).
  19. Susan McKay & Dyan Mazurana, Where Are the Girls? Girls in Fighting Forces in Northern Uganda, Sierra Leone and Mozambique: Their Lives During and After War (2004).
  20. Clare McGlynn & Vanessa E. Munro (eds.), Rethinking Rape Law: International and Comparative Perspectives (2010).
  21. Rakiya Omar et al., African Rights & Redress, Survivors and Post-Genocide Justice in Rwanda (2008).
  22. Noelle N.R. Quenivet, Sexual Offences in Armed Conflict & International Law 77 (2005).
  23. Ruth Rubio-Marin, The Gender of Reparations: Unsettling Sexual Hierarchies While Redressing Human Rights Violations (2009).
  24. Beth Van Schaack, Engendering Genocide: Akayesu and the Affirmation of Genocidal Rape, in Human Rights Advocacy Stories (Deena R. Hurwitz et al. eds., 2008).
  25. Patricia V. Sellers, "The Context of Sexual Violence: Sexual Violence as Violations of International Humanitarian Law" in Substantive and Procedural Aspects of International Criminal Law: The Experience of International and National Courts 263 (Gabrielle Kirk McDonald & Olivia Swaak-Goldman, eds. 2000).
  26. Patricia V. Sellers, "The Other Voices: Interpreters and Investigators of Sexual Violence in International Criminal Prosecutions" in Listening to the Silences: Women and War (Helen Durham & Tracey Gurd, eds. 2005).
  27. Patricia Viseur Sellers, Individual(s') Liability for Collective Sexual Violence, in Gender and Human Rights 153 (Karen Knop ed., 2004).
  28. Patricia V. Sellers, The “Appeal” of Sexual Violence: Akayesu/Gacumbitsi Cases, in Center for Human Rights, Gender Based Violence in Africa: Perspectives from the Continent 51.
  29. Cate Steins, "Gender Issues" in The International Criminal Court: The Making of the Rome Statute (Roy S. Lee, ed. 1999).
  30. Gerhard Werle, Principles of International Criminal Law 44–45 (2005).

REPORTS:

  1. Katy Glassborow, Inst. For War & Peace Reporting, ICC Investigative Strategy Under Fire, in Special Report: Sexual Violence in the Democratic Republic of Congo 8 (Caroline Tosh & Yigal Chazan eds., 2008).
  2. Women's Initiatives for Gender Justice ,Gender in Practice: Guidelines & Methods to Address Gender-Based Crime in Armed Conflict (2005).
  3. International Criminal Court: Clarifying the Scope of the Crime of Rape, Amnesty International.
  4. Sexual Violence and International Criminal Law: An Analysis of the ad hoc Tribunal's Jurisprudence & the International Criminal Court's Elements of Crimes, Women's Initiatives for Gender Justice (2005).
  5. Medica Mondiale, The Trouble with Rape Trials ­ Views of Witnesses, Prosecutors and Judges on Prosecuting Sexualised Violence during the War in the former Yugoslavia.
  6. Health & Cmty. Dev. Section, U.N. High Comm'r for Refugees, How to Guide: Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Programme in Liberia 7–8 (2001).
  7. Human Rights Watch, “We'll Kill You if You Cry”: Sexual Violence in the Sierra Leone Conflict  (2003), available at http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/sierleon0103.pdf.
  8. Abducted and Abused: Renewed Conflict in Northern Uganda, 15 Hum. Rts. Watch 12(A), July 2003.
  9. Human Rights Watch, Shattered Lives: Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide and its Aftermath 24 (1996).
  10. LaShawn R. Jefferson, In War as in Peace: Sexual Violence and Women's Status, in Human Rights Watch World Report 325 (2004), available at http://www.hrw.org/legacy/wr2k4/download/wr2k4.pdf.
  11. Binaifer Nowrojee, U.N. Research Inst. for Soc. Dev., “Your Justice is Too Slow”: Will the ICTR Fail Rwanda's Rape Victims? 1 (2005)
  12. Binaifer Nowrojee et al., Human Rights Watch, Rwanda: Shattered Lives—Sexual Violence During the Rwandan Genocide 103 (1996). 
  13. Physicians for Human Rights, War-Related Sexual Violence in Sierra Leone: A Population-Based Assessment (2000).
  14. Women's Initiative for Gender Justice, Advance Preliminary Report-Structures and Institutional Development of the International Criminal Court 6 (2009), available at http://www.iccwomen.org/news/docs/Advance_Preliminary_Report-Web_Final.pdf.
  15. Women's Initiatives for Gender Justice, Making a Statement: A Review of Charges and Prosecutions for Gender-Based Crimes Before the International Criminal Court (2008), available at http://www.iccwomen.org/publications/articles/docs/MakingAStatement-Web_Final.pdf.